Suleiman the Magnificent, the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire, ruled from 1520 to 1566. He expanded the empire to its peak, conquering territories in Europe, Africa, and Asia, while making significant cultural and legal reforms. Suleiman was known for his military expertise, diplomatic skills, and patronage of the arts and architecture, including the construction of famous buildings such as the Suleymaniye Mosque. His reign was marked by the conquest of Belgrade, Rhodes, and Hungary, as well as the famous siege of Vienna in 1529. Suleiman's death in 1566 marked the decline of the Ottoman Empire, as his successors were unable to maintain his level of leadership and success.