The Roman Republic (509 BCE – 27 BCE) was a foundational era in Roman history, marking the transition from monarchy to a representative form of government. After overthrowing the last king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, Rome established a republic where power resided in elected officials and representative institutions. Key features included the Senate, Consuls, and popular assemblies. Roman society was divided into patricians (aristocrats) and plebeians (commoners), with ongoing struggles for political equality, such as the Conflict of the Orders. The Republic expanded rapidly through military conquest and strategic alliances, eventually dominating much of the Mediterranean. However, internal corruption, civil wars, and the rise of powerful generals like Julius Caesar led to its fall and the rise of the Roman Empire.
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