The Byzantine Empire was the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire, lasting for over a thousand years—from 330 to 1453 CE. Centered in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), it preserved Roman law, Greek culture, and Christian tradition long after the fall of Rome in the West. The Byzantines made major contributions to art, architecture (like the Hagia Sophia), and Orthodox Christianity.
Despite facing constant threats from Persians, Arabs, Crusaders, and eventually the Ottomans, the empire endured for centuries through strong leadership and a highly organized government. It finally fell in 1453 when Constantinople was captured by the Ottoman Empire, marking the end of the Middle Ages.
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