Returns to Rome in triumph; becomes the unchallenged ruler of the Roman world.
Updated By: History Editorial Network (HEN)
Published:
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After the fall of Antony and Cleopatra and the annexation of Egypt, Octavian returned to Rome in 29 BCE as a triumphant hero. His arrival was marked by grand celebrations, including three consecutive triumphs, each commemorating a significant military victory—over Illyricum, at Actium, and in Egypt. These public spectacles solidified his image as Rome’s savior and rightful leader. More importantly, Octavian’s return symbolized the end of decades of civil war and the beginning of a new political order. With no remaining rivals, he stood as the unchallenged ruler of the Roman world.
Though he held immense power, Octavian cleverly avoided the title of king, knowing it would provoke Roman hostility. Instead, in 27 BCE, he accepted the title “Augustus” from the Senate, marking the official birth of the Roman Empire. He maintained the façade of republican governance while holding ultimate authority over the military, the provinces, and political institutions. This careful balance allowed him to rule effectively while preserving the illusion of tradition. Augustus’ return to Rome not only marked the conclusion of a turbulent era but also the beginning of one of the most stable and prosperous periods in Roman history—the Pax Romana.
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Primary Reference: Augustus

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