Government Proposes Partial Constitutional Reform with Significant Changes to Existing Framework

In November 2024, the Nicaraguan government presented a partial constitutional reform that establishes sweeping government changes. The reform, which was passed in a first hearing, establishes a stronger 'co-presidency' capable of 'coordinating' with other 'state organs' such as the legislature, judiciary, and revolutionary socialist state. It disallows 'transgressions against the person, community, and the principles of security, peace, and wellbeing established in the Constitution.' The state will be able to limit public religious practices that 'violate public order' and speech that violates constitutional principles, while declaring those who oppose these principles 'traitors to the homeland,' whether inside or outside national territory. Among other changes, the reform increases the presidential term from 5 to 6 years, establishes a voluntary civilian police as 'an auxiliary body in support of the National Police' that is 'integrated by Nicaraguan citizens that offer their services voluntarily,' and declares the flag of the Sandinista National Liberation Front as a national symbol. The reform has been widely criticized by the OAS and opposition figures as officializing repressive practices, eliminating checks and balances, and establishing a 'bicephalous dictatorship.' It has been condemned as 'the most flagrant violation of human rights' since 'it is about the constitution.' The OAS further criticized the reform as 'illegitimate' and as an 'aberrant form of institutionalization a matrimonial dictatorship.'