Japanese Smallpox Epidemic During the Nara period

During the Nara period, Japan faced numerous challenges, including natural disasters such as wildfires, droughts, and famines, which were compounded by outbreaks of disease. One of the most devastating events was the smallpox epidemic that occurred between 735 and 737, resulting in the death of over a quarter of the population. This catastrophic loss had profound implications for society, as it not only diminished the workforce but also instilled fear and uncertainty among the populace. The epidemic prompted a significant response from the ruling authorities, particularly Emperor Shōmu, who believed that the calamities were a reflection of his own lack of piety. In an effort to address the crisis and restore faith among the people, he intensified the promotion of Buddhism as a means of spiritual and social recovery. This included the commissioning of large-scale religious projects, most notably the construction of the Tōdai-ji temple, which served as a symbol of the government's commitment to Buddhism and its role in healing the nation.