Formation of the Twelve Doors of Mali

The formation of the Twelve Doors of Mali marked a pivotal moment in the establishment of the Mali Empire, which was founded by Mari Djata. This coalition consisted of various territories that were either conquered or allied, primarily located within the region of Manden. The Twelve Doors were significant as they represented a formal alliance of twelve kingdoms that pledged allegiance to Sundiata Keita and his descendants. Each of the twelve kings participated in a symbolic act of submission by stabbing their spears into the ground before Sundiata's throne, thereby relinquishing their individual kingdoms to the authority of the Keita dynasty. This act not only solidified the political structure of the empire but also established a system of governance that allowed for local rulers to maintain a degree of autonomy under the overarching rule of the mansa. In exchange for their loyalty, these kings were designated as 'farbas', a term derived from the Mandinka language meaning 'great farin', where 'farin' referred to a northern commander. The farbas retained significant authority over their former kingdoms, ruling in the name of the mansa while still exercising most of the powers they had prior to their submission. This arrangement facilitated the integration of diverse cultures and territories into the Mali Empire, contributing to its strength and stability. The Twelve Doors of Mali thus played a crucial role in the expansion and consolidation of the empire, allowing it to thrive as a major political and economic power in West Africa, influencing trade routes and cultural exchanges across the region.